Suffix effect

The suffix effect is a cognitive bias that affects how information is remembered, particularly when it comes to lists and sequences. It refers to the phenomenon where the recall of the last items in a list is impaired when a distracting suffix is added immediately after the list. This effect highlights the intricacies of memory mechanisms, especially concerning auditory stimuli.

How it works

The suffix effect operates by adding a non-essential auditory element at the end of a series of items, which then interferes with the recency effect—the tendency for individuals to better recall the last items in a list. When a neutral auditory cue, like 'okay' or 'go', is added after the list, it disrupts the brain’s ability to cleanly process and store the final items. This suggests that memory, particularly for auditory information, can be disrupted by subsequent, redundant stimuli that compete for cognitive resources.

Examples

• If a waiter lists ten dishes and then adds 'hmm' at the end before customers can place their order, those listening might have trouble remembering the last few dishes.
• In a study scenario, participants are asked to remember a list of numbers. If the experimenter adds an unrelated word immediately after the list, participants might struggle to recall the last few numbers accurately.

Consequences

The suffix effect can lead to decreased accuracy in memory recall of important information following an auditory distraction. This can affect areas requiring precise recall of lists, such as instructions or orders, impacting everything from everyday communication to academic and professional settings.

Counteracting

To counteract the suffix effect, it can be beneficial to minimize unnecessary auditory distractions after presenting a list. Additionally, emphasizing the importance of the final items or employing visual aids can help maintain focus on the key elements. Practicing active listening and using mnemonic devices can also help in retaining information despite distractions.

Critiques

Critics of the suffix effect argue that its real-world applicability is limited, as most real-life situations do not involve perfectly silent environments or strictly auditory information. Additionally, individual differences such as language proficiency and working memory capacity can influence susceptibility to the effect, which may not be adequately considered in blanket assessments.

Fields of Impact

Also known as

Relevant Research

• The suffix effect: Attentional inhibition of recall of the final items

  Crowder, R. G. (1973)

  Cognitive Psychology, 5(4), 525-536

• The use of auditory and phonetic memory by children

  Cowan, N., & Morse, P. A. (1986)

  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 41(3), 379-391