Placebo effect

The placebo effect cognitive bias refers to the phenomenon where individuals experience a perceived improvement in a condition due to their belief in the efficacy of a treatment, which in reality is inert. This bias falls under the category of lack of meaning and specifically under the subcategory where information gaps are generalized. It highlights how human cognition can convert expectations into actual physiological and psychological changes.

How it works

The placebo effect operates primarily through the power of suggestion and expectation. When a person believes that a treatment will work, the brain can release natural chemicals like endorphins that can lead to actual, measurable changes in their perception of pain or symptoms. This effect can be so strong that it can mirror the results of actual pharmacological treatments. The key components involve the patient's beliefs, the perceived credibility of the treatment provider, and the environment where the treatment is administered.

Examples

• A patient with chronic pain reports a significant reduction in pain levels after taking sugar pills that they believe are powerful analgesics.
• In clinical trials, patients receiving saline injections often report improvements similar to those receiving actual medications, simply because they were informed they were receiving a new, effective drug.
• A study participant experiences improved concentration and alertness after drinking what they believe to be an energy drink, but which is actually a placebo.

Consequences

The placebo effect can skew the results of clinical trials, making it difficult to discern the true efficacy of a treatment. It can also lead to ethical concerns when it involves deceiving patients for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, reliance on the placebo effect may result in overlooking more effective or necessary medical interventions.

Counteracting

To mitigate the placebo effect in research, double-blind studies are often employed, where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the actual treatment versus a placebo. Educating patients about the placebo effect can also help in managing expectations and improving understanding of treatment options.

Critiques

Critics of the placebo effect argument suggest that it emphasizes subjective experience over objective measurement, potentially leading to misinterpretation of data. There are also ethical considerations regarding the deception involved in administering placebos in both clinical practice and research.

Fields of Impact

Also known as

Relevant Research

• The powerful placebo

  Beecher, H. K. (1955)

  Journal of The American Medical Association

• How placebos change the patient's brain

  Benedetti, F., Carlino, E., & Pollo, A. (2011)

  Neuropsychopharmacology

• The nocebo effect: A meta-analysis of the effect of negative expectations on health outcomes

  Colloca, L., & Miller, F. G. (2011)

  The New England Journal of Medicine