Lake Wobegone effect

The Lake Wobegon effect is a cognitive bias wherein individuals overestimate their own capabilities, believing they are above average in various domains such as intelligence, skills, or knowledge. This name is derived from the fictional town of Lake Wobegon, created by Garrison Keillor, where 'all the children are above average'.

How it works

This bias occurs when individuals assess themselves based on subjective criteria, often applying favorable benchmarks or dismissing others' abilities. It is rooted in self-enhancement, where people maintain a positive self-view by filtering information in ways that align with their self-perception. Often, limited information and personal biases lead to skewed self-assessments.

Examples

• In educational settings, many students see themselves as being in the top half of their class, even when statistically unlikely.
• Managers may rate themselves as more effective than peers, regardless of actual performance metrics.
• In sports, amateur golfers might consider themselves near-professional level despite performance data indicating otherwise.

Consequences

• It can lead to overconfidence, resulting in poor decision-making due to an inflated sense of personal capability.
• In organizations, it may cause leaders to underestimate risks or overvalue personal insights over expert advice.
• In education, it can contribute to the Dunning-Kruger effect, where low-ability individuals lack the self-awareness to recognize their incompetence.

Counteracting

• Encouraging objective assessments through feedback mechanisms can help break the bias.
• Introducing metrics and benchmarks can provide a more accurate self-assessment framework.
• Fostering environments that value critique and diverse opinions can help challenge inflated self-views.

Critiques

• Critics argue that some degree of positive illusion or self-enhancing bias can boost motivation and resilience.
• There is debate over how ubiquitous and detrimental this bias truly is across diverse populations and settings.
• Overemphasis on the bias may overlook contexts where self-enhancement might be adaptive rather than dysfunctional.

Fields of Impact

Also known as

Relevant Research

• Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments

  Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999)

  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

• The Better-Than-Average Effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning, & J. I

  Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005)

  Krueger (Eds.), The Self in Social Judgment