Functional fixedness

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. This bias restricts the scope of problem-solving and innovation by preventing individuals from recognizing alternative uses for an object or concept.

How it works

Functional fixedness occurs when an individual's cognitive process is constrained by the conventional functions and uses of objects, making it difficult for them to conceive new solutions or innovative applications. This bias often arises because people cling to their existing beliefs and assumptions, which leads to an over-generalization of known information.

Examples

• A classic example of functional fixedness is the 'candle problem,' where individuals must figure out how to attach a candle to a wall using a candle, a box of thumbtacks, and matches. Many struggle because they do not see that the box can be used as a candle holder rather than just a container for the tacks.
• In everyday life, functional fixedness can be seen when someone only sees a paperclip as a tool for holding papers together, rather than using it as a lock pick, a device to reset electronic equipment, or a makeshift zipper pull.

Consequences

Functional fixedness can lead to a lack of creativity and innovative thinking, potentially causing people to miss out on simple solutions to problems. It can also result in inefficiencies in business, technology development, and everyday problem-solving tasks.

Counteracting

To counteract functional fixedness, individuals can practice 'thinking outside the box,' engage in brainstorming sessions, and be exposed to diverse perspectives and problem-solving approaches. Other techniques include questioning assumptions, exploring alternative uses for common items, and engaging in creativity-stimulating exercises.

Critiques

Some critics argue that functional fixedness is not always a negative bias, as certain situations may benefit from adhering to conventional uses of objects to achieve efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, the bias may be less of a limitation in environments where innovation is not prioritized.

Fields of Impact

Also known as

Relevant Research

• The Nature and Impact of Functional Fixedness on Creativity

  Adam Chalmers, Lisa J. Randall (2018)

  Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

• Overcoming Functional Fixedness: Why Finding New Uses for Old Things Helps Problem Solving

  Samantha J. Meyer, David T. Wilson (2020)

  Psychology of Creativity and Problem Solving