False consensus effect

The false consensus effect is a cognitive bias where people overestimate the degree to which their beliefs, attitudes, and opinions are shared by others. This bias leads to an inflated sense of one's own norms and opinions, often overgeneralizing them as common or typical among a larger group or population.

How it works

The false consensus effect arises from the tendency of individuals to project their own beliefs onto others. When individuals interpret others' thoughts or behaviors, they are likely to rely on their own experiences and attitudes as a reference point, assuming that others share their perspective. This is partly due to the availability heuristic, where people base their judgments on readily available information, such as their own worldview and social circles.

Examples

• A person who strongly supports a political party might believe that their views are representative of the majority in their country, even if polls suggest otherwise.
• A vegetarian may assume that a larger proportion of people also choose to avoid meat, leading them to believe that societal shift towards vegetarianism is more common than it actually is.
• In workplace environments, an employee might overestimate how many of their colleagues agree with their approach to problem-solving, believing there is a consensus around their ideas.

Consequences

• Misjudging others' beliefs can lead to poor decision-making, as assumptions about consensus might not actually reflect reality.
• The bias can foster group polarization, as individuals might avoid discussing their views with dissimilar others, leading people to surround themselves with like-minded individuals.
• In negotiations, the false consensus effect might cause parties to misjudge the other side's positions, leading to unproductive negotiations or deadlocks.

Counteracting

• To mitigate the false consensus effect, individuals can seek diverse perspectives and engage in active listening to understand differing viewpoints.
• Being aware of one's own cognitive biases and potential blind spots can help in questioning assumptions about others' beliefs.
• Utilizing objective data and research can provide a clearer picture of actual consensus, rather than relying solely on personal perception or anecdotal evidence.

Critiques

• Some critics may argue that the false consensus effect oversimplifies the complex nature of belief systems and the spectrum of attitudes within a population.
• There is debate on whether the bias stems primarily from individual cognitive processes or is largely influenced by social and environmental factors.

Fields of Impact

Also known as

Relevant Research

• The 'false consensus effect': An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes

  Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977)

  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279-301

• Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review

  Marks, G., & Miller, N. (1987)

  Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 72